KAZAN, Elia
American Director, Screenwriter, producer, actor (1909-2003)
Born As: Elia Kazanjoglou
* 7-9-1909, Kadi-Kev, Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey -
† 28-9-2003, Manhattan, New York
Education: Williams College, Williamstown, MA; Yale School of Drama
One of the leading forces in both the American theater and Hollywood film, Elia Kazan was a Greek immigrant who arrived in New York in 1913 at the age of four under the name Elia Kazanjioglou. In 1932, he joined New York's influential Group Theatre as an actor, appearing in a number of important plays, including Clifford Odets's Waiting for Lefty and Golden Boy. Although he worked briefly during the 1930s in film, assisting Ralph Steiner and Frontier Films on short documentaries, Kazan first rose to prominence as one of the most sought-after stage directors in the US. Among his landmark Broadway productions were the debuts of The Skin of Our Teeth (1942), A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955).
Kazan became increasingly involved with filmmaking in the postwar years. He acted briefly in two Hollywood films (CITY FOR CONQUEST, 1940 and BLUES IN THE NIGHT, 1941), and the "boy genius of Broadway" was recruited as a director by several studios in 1944. Teaming with producer Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century-Fox, Kazan quickly established himself as a quality filmmaker whose work mirrored his theatrical reputation: an expert handler of actors and an artist dedicated to addressing contemporary social problems. His initial efforts, A TREE GROWS IN BROOKLYN (1945) and BOOMERANG! (1947), were solid, if somewhat stagey dramas. But with GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT (1947) and PINKY (1949), Kazan broke new ground in Hollywood's cycle of postwar "problem pictures." GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT, which won Oscars for best picture, director, and supporting actress, was one of the first Hollywood productions to deal directly with anti-semitism, while PINKY addressed problems of race.
Kazan won further acclaim as a film director for his memorable adaptation of A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE (1951), but his career was threatened when he became embroiled in the HUAC's search for Communist subversion in the filmmaking community. Like many of his Group Theatre colleagues, Kazan had been a member of the Communist Party of America (from 1934 to 1936), but he had left the CPA embittered. Kazan reversed his initial resistance to HUAC and in April 1952 "named names" for the committee. Criticized by many for caving in to the witch hunt, Kazan answered the snubs with ON THE WATERFRONT (1954), in which dock worker Terry Malloy (Marlon Brando) takes the unpopular action of testifying against corrupt labor leaders. Kazan later wrote: "When Brando, at the end, yells… 'I'm glad what I done—you hear me?—glad what I done!' that was me saying with identical heat, that I was glad I'd testified as I had."
Whether ON THE WATERFRONT redeemed Kazan politically, the film marked another milestone in his career, garnering six Academy Awards, including best picture and best director. WATERFRONT marked a culmination of two of the defining characteristics of his 'oeuvre,' combining tenets of neorealism with strong, naturalistic acting performances. Kazan had used real locations to film PANIC IN THE STREETS (1950) and VIVA ZAPATA! (1952), but with ON THE WATERFRONT he also cast real dockworkers in authentic locales. The director's real forte was his ability to elicit visceral performances from his stars. He and Lee Strasberg founded the famed Actors Studio in 1947, and under Kazan's tutelage the Studio's star pupil, Marlon Brando, established himself as the American cinema's most charismatic leading man of the early 1950s, earning Oscar nominations under Kazan for his portrayals of Stanley Kowalski, Emiliano Zapata and Terry Malloy. Kazan also proved capable of getting stellar performances from less schooled actors, including James Dean (EAST OF EDEN, 1955), Carroll Baker (BABY DOLL, 1956), Andy Griffith (A FACE IN THE CROWD, 1957) and Natalie Wood and Warren Beatty (SPLENDOR IN THE GRASS, 1961). In all, Kazan directed 21 Oscar-nominated performances and nine winners.
In the 1960s, Elia Kazan completely abandoned his theater work, took up fiction writing, and focused his film career on much more personal, independently produced projects. AMERICA, AMERICA (1963) was a critically acclaimed adaptation of his own novel about his family's emigration to the US. His subsequent efforts, THE ARRANGEMENT (1969) (again from his own novel) and THE VISITORS (1972) (shot at his home in 16mm), were resounding failures. Kazan made a successful though unexpected return to mainstream filmmaking with Harold Pinter's adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's THE LAST TYCOON (1976). His autobiography, A Life, appeared in 1988. Screenwriter Nicholas Kazan (REVERSAL OF FORTUNE, 1990) is Kazan's son by his first wife, the late Molly Day Thatcher; he was also married to the late
actress Barbara Loden.
29 september 2003 NRC:
Als je al parallellen mag trekken tussen leven en werk van kunstenaars, dan komt On the waterfront van de zaterdag overleden filmregisseur Elia Kazan daarvoor wel in aanmerking. Alles draait in deze film uit 1954 om de vraag of de door Marlon Brando gespeelde Terry Malloy bereid is zijn slechte vrienden aan te geven. Alle goeie mensen in de film moedigen hem aan, alle slechteriken bedreigen hem, slaan hem, stoten hem uit. En hij doet het. Hij geeft de slechteriken aan en de kijker herkent de ware heldenmoed in hem.
Twee jaar tevoren, in 1952, had Elia Kazan getuigd voor de Senaats-commissie die destijds anti-Amerikaanse (lees communistische) activiteiten in Hollywood onderzocht. In eerste instantie gaf hij slechts toe dat hij van 1934 tot 1936 lid was geweest van de communistische partij, maar weigerde namen van anderen te noemen. In tweede instantie, onder druk van zijn studiobazen en uit angst voor zijn carrière, deed hij dat wel. Hij noemde 17 mensen, van wie hij wist dat ze al bekend waren bij de commissie. Maar er waren uiteindelijk maar weinigen die daarin iets van heldenmoed zagen.
Elia Kazan (94) stierf zaterdagnacht in zijn huis in New York. Hij werd in 1909 geboren in Istanbul, toen nog Constantinopel, hoofdstad van het Ottomaanse rijk.
Toen Elia vier was, emigreerde de Griekse familie Kazanjoglous naar Amerika. Kazan zou die achtergrond later gebruiken in zijn boek America, America, dat hij in 1963 zelf verfilmde. Hij won een reeks prijzen met die film, maar daar was hij al aan gewend. Kazan is een van de meest gelauwerde Amerikaanse regisseurs, met ondermeer drie Oscars. Hij kreeg in 1999 de ere-Oscar voor zijn hele oeuvre. Het leverde hevige protesten op van mensen die vonden dat een verklikker geen eer verdiende, tot in de zaal toe, waar acteurs als Ed Harris en Nick Nolte strak voor zich uitkeken terwijl de 89-jarige Kazan zijn prijs in ontvangst nam.
Hij heeft naar eigen zeggen nooit spijt gehad van de getuigenis die zijn verdere leven zou tekenen. Hij was uit overtuiging lid geworden van de communistische partij toen hij betrokken raakte bij het radicale Group Theatre. En hij keerde de communisten met evenveel overtuiging de rug toe toen de partij hem vroeg in het toneelgezelschap te spioneren. Vanaf dat moment beschouwde hij, zo werd gesteld in de onlangs op de Nederlandse televisie uitgezonden documentaire None Without Sin, de communistische partij als subversief.
Na zijn werk in de Group Theatre boekte hij als regisseur succes op Broadway. Hij werkte met begaafde toneelschrijvers als Tennessee Williams en Arthur Miller en werd ten slotte als vanzelfsprekend door Hollywood aangezogen. Hij bracht niet alleen zijn eigen talent mee, maar ookm een aantal jonge toneelacteurs, van wie Marlon Brando snel de beroemdste zou worden. Ze waren opgeleid in de mede door Kazan opgerichte Actors Studio in New York, bakermat van method acting.
De films die Kazan met Brando maakte zijn hoogtepunten in zijn carrière: A Streetcar Named Desire en On the Waterfront. De acteurs krijgen alle ruimte om te zinderen – zoals in de documentaire None Without Sin wordt gezegd:
“Voor het eerst werd de emotie op het scherm niet door de acteurs getoond, maar beleefd.” En emotioneel was het altijd. Kazan vertelde zijn grote, sociale verhalen op menselijke maat en daar was zijn keuze voor acteurs (James Dean, East of Eden, Montgommery Clift en Natalie Wood, Splendor in the Grass, Karl Malden, On the Waterfront, Baby Doll) essentieel.
Zonder communisten en communistenjagers was zijn blazoen smetteloos geweest en had niemand het in zijn hoofd gehaald om wapenlobbyist en typisch niet-method acteur Charlton Heston te vragen Elia Kazan te verdedigen – dat is de tragiek van zijn leven.
Filmography:
1934 CAFE UNIVERSAL performer
1934 PIE IN THE SKY director, performer
1937 PEOPLE OF THE CUMBERLAND assistant director
1940 CITY FOR CONQUEST performer
1941 BLUES IN THE NIGHT performer
1941 IT'S UP TO YOU director
1945 A TREE GROWS IN BROOKLYN director
1947 BOOMERANG! director
1947 GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT - director
1947 THE SEA OF GRASS director
1949 PINKY - director
1950 PANIC IN THE STREETS - director
1951 A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE - director
1952 VIVA ZAPATA! director
1953 MAN ON A TIGHTROPE director
1954 ON THE WATERFRONT director
1955 EAST OF EDEN - producer, director
1956 BABY DOLL producer, director
1957 A FACE IN THE CROWD producer, director
1960 WILD RIVER director— original screenplay "Garth's Island"
1961 - SPLENDOR IN THE GRASS producer, director
1963 - AMERICA, AMERICA producer, director, screenwriter
1963 THE DIRECTORS performer
1969 THE ARRANGEMENT producer, director, screenwriter— from novel
1972 THE VISITORS director
1974 THE FIGHTERS performer
1976 THE LAST TYCOON director
1981 ACTING: LEE STRASBERG AND THE ACTORS STUDIO performer
1985 HE STANDS IN A DESERT COUNTING THE SECONDS OF HIS LIFE performer
1986 50 YEARS OF ACTION! performer
1987 HELLO ACTORS STUDIO performer
1989 L'HERITAGE DE LA CHOUETTE performer
1989 SIS performer
Academy Awards®
© A.M.P.A.S.®
Director 1947: GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT
Nominated for Director 1951: A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE
Director 1954: ON THE WATERFRONT
Nominated for Director 1955: EAST OF EDEN
Nominated for Picture 1963: AMERICA, AMERICA — Producer
Nominated for Director 1963: AMERICA, AMERICA
Nominated for Writing - Story and Screenplay
(Written Directly For The Screen) 1963: AMERICA, AMERICA
Literatuur:
R. Tailleur: E. Kazan (1966)